European Technical Approvals (ETA) thiab CE Marking: Qhov cuam tshuam rau cov kabmob thiab cov khoom sib cais seismic

Nyob rau hauv European Union (EU), kev txav dawb ntawm cov khoom tsim kho yog ua kom ntseeg tau los ntawm kev sib haum xeeb cov cai tsim nyob rau hauvKev Tswj Xyuas Cov Khoom Siv Hauv Tsev (CPR, Txoj Cai (EU) No 305/2011). Ib qho ntawm cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv lub moj khaum no yog qhovCE kos npe, uas qhia tau hais tias ib qho khoom siv tau raug soj ntsuam thiab tshaj tawm tias haum rau kev siv raws li European cov cai.

Rau ntau cov khoom tsim kho, txoj hauv kev no yog ncaj nraim: kev sim thiab kev ntsuam xyuas tau ua raws liKev sib haum xeeb European Standards (hENs). Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua yam khoom muaj tus qauv sib haum xeeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lawv muaj tswv yim tshiab, tshwj xeeb, lossis poob rau hauv kev lag luam niche. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lubEuropean Technical Approval (ETA)- niaj hnub no feem ntau hu ua tusEuropean Technical Assessment- muab lwm txoj hauv kev rauCE kos npe.

IbETAyog ib cov ntaub ntawv raug muab los ntawm aTechnical Assessment Body (TAB)hauv EU. Nws lees paub qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom tsim kho uas tsis yog tag nrho ntawm cov qauv kev sib haum xeeb. CovETAyog nyob ntawm ibCov Ntaub Ntawv Kev Ntsuas European (EAD), uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev sim thiab ntsuas kev ntsuas.

Cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem sau tau raws li hauv qab no:
1. Tus neeg tsim khoom thov - Tus tsim khoom siv rau aTABkom tau ibETA.
2. Cov ntaub ntawv ntsuam xyuas – Yog tias muajEADtwb muaj lawm, nws yog siv. Yog tsis yog, tus tshiabEADtej zaum yuav tsim.
3. Kev ntsuam xyuas thiab kev ntsuam xyuas - Cov yam ntxwv ua tau zoo xws li lub zog, ua haujlwm ntev, hluav taws kub tsis kam, lossis muaj peev xwm seismic raug soj ntsuam.
4. Tshaj tawm ntawmETA-QhovTABteeb meem covETA, piav qhia cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom thiab tshaj tawm kev ua haujlwm.
5.Tshaj Tawm Txog Kev Ua Haujlwm (DoP)- Raws li covETA,cov chaw tsim khoom npaj aDoP.
6. CE kos npe- Cov neeg tsim khoom affixesCE cimmus rau cov khoom, uas ces nkag tau mus rau lub EU ua lag luam.

Hauv essence, lubETAua raws li daim ntawv hla tebchaws kev tshaj lij uas tso cai rau cov khoom tshiab lossis tsis yog- cov khoom lag luam tau ua rawsCPRthiab nqa daim npav CE.

CovCE kos npetsis yog daim ntawv lo zoo tab sis yog cov lus tshaj tawm los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom uas cov khoom ua tau raws li EU kev nyab xeeb, kev noj qab haus huv, thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig. Rau cov khoom tsim kho, nws tshwj xeeb txhais tau tias:
- A Tshaj Tawm Txog Kev Ua Haujlwm (DoP)muaj, raws li los ntawmhENslos yogETAs.
- Cov khoom tau dhau los ua cov txheej txheem ntsuas kev ua raws li qhov xav tau.
- Cov chaw tsim khoom tau ua tiav lawv lub luag haujlwm rau lub Hoobkas tswj kev tsim khoom thiab kev lees paub zoo.

CE kos npetso cai rau cov khoom lag luam tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv EU thiab siv rau hauv cov haujlwm pej xeem thiab ntiag tug yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv tebchaws ntxiv. Rau cov kws tsim qauv, engineers, thiab cov neeg cog lus,CE kos npemuab kev ntseeg siab tias cov khoom ua tau raws li European kev lees paub ntawm kev ntsuas kev ntsuas.

Qauv Bearings (TS EN 1337Series)

Cov qauv bearings, zoo lilauj kaub bearings, spherical bearings, elastomer bearings, thiabzawv zawg bearings, yog cov khoom tseem ceeb rau cov choj thiab cov vaj tse loj. CovTS EN 1337series ntawm cov qauv muab kev sib haum xeeb kev cai rau cov khoom no. Rau feem ntau cov pa bearing hom, manufacturers tuaj yeem tau txaisCE kos npencaj qha raws li cov qauv no.

Txawm li cas los xij, tshwj xeeb lossis cov kabmob tshiab tshiab-piv txwv li, cov khoom uas muaj cov khoom damping ntxiv, hybrid zawv zawg mechanisms, lossis kev tsim kho kom haum rau cov khoom hnyav heev - yuav tsis tau them tag nrho los ntawmTS EN 1337. Hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, ibETAdhau los ua txoj kev tsim nyog rauCE daim ntawv pov thawj.

Seismic Isolation Devices:

Seismic cais cov khoom, xws li:
- Lead Roj Hmab Bearings (LRB)
- Siab -Damping Rubber Bearings (HDRB)
- Tsawg-Damping Rubber Bearings (LDRB)
- Kev sib txhuam Pendulum Bearings (FPB)
- Viscous Fluid Dampers (VFDs)

Yog nws tseem tsis tau muaj tag nrhoharmonized European tus qauv. ThaumTS EN 15129: 2018muab cov lus qhia rau kev tiv thaiv- cov khoom siv seismic, nws daim ntawv thov tsis tuaj yeem npog txhua qhov kev hloov pauv lossis cov kev daws teeb meem tshiab.

Vim li no, feem ntau seismic cais cov khoom tam sim no xav tauETAtxoj kev mus cuagCE kos npe. Cov neeg tsim khoom yuav tsum ua kom pom kev ua tau zoo xws li:
- Lub zog dissipationmuaj peev xwm
- Rov qab muaj zog thiab tsis ntev los no muaj peev xwm
- Durability nyob rau hauv rov qab seismic loading
- Hluav taws kub, kub, thiab ib puag ncig tiv thaiv;

Ib zaug ibETAtau tso cai, cov khoom tuaj yeem ua tauCE cimthiab tau teev nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho tej yaam num thoob plaws EU. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb rau kev tsim kho vaj tse xws li txuas hniav, tsev kho mob, cov chaw siv hluav taws xob, thiab cov tsev siab - nce siab hauv cheeb tsam seismic.

Thoob ntiaj teb,seismic caisthiabcov khoom siv hluav taws xob dissipationyog raug rau cov qauv sib txawv:
- Tebchaws Meskas:AASHTO Guide Specifications rauSeismic Isolation Design,
ASTM tus qauv rauelastomer bearingsthiabcov dampers.
- Nyiv:JIS thiab MLIT cov txheej txheem rauhauv paus- cov khoom siv cais tawm.
- Suav teb:GB / T qauv rauroj hmab bearings, dampers, thiabzawv zawg li.

CovETAsystem muab qhov tshwj xeeb kom zoo dua nyob rau hauv EU: nws tsim ib qho kev sib koom ua ke rau cov khoom tshiab, thaum tseem ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov qauv kev ua haujlwm thoob ntiaj teb. Qhov no ua rauCE kos npedhauETAmuaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov tuam txhab lag luam thoob ntiaj teb nrhiav kev nkag mus rau European lag luam.

Kev sib raug zoo ntawmETAthiabCEmarking tuaj yeem sau tau yooj yim:
- hENmuaj → Ua raws liharmonized qauvtxoj kev musCE kos npe.
- hENtsis muaj → TauETA(ntawmEAD) → DoP → CE kos npe.

Rau cov qauv bearings thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rauseismic cais cov khoom, ETAua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Hos cov pa bearings feem ntau yog them los ntawmTS EN 1337, tshiabseismic isolatorsthiabcov dampersfeem ntau cia siab rauETAraws li lawv daim ntawv pov thawj txoj kev.

Los ntawm enablingCE kos npe,ETAkom paub meej tias advancedseismic tiv thaiv systemstuaj yeem nkag mus rau European lag luam, txhawb nqa kev nyab xeeb thiab kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev tsim vaj tsev. Cov txheej txheem no tsis tsuas yog txhawb nqa cov teb chaws Europe kev tsim kho tab sis kuj txhawb nqa thoob ntiaj teb kev saws me nyuam ntawm kev txiav - ntug kev daws teeb meem rauav qeeg resilience.